Adjustable Lag Filter

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Coefcounter,Denominator,counter,Numerator,Counter1

For i = StartI + 7 To EndI
Numerator = 0
counter = 1
Denominator = 10.5

Do While counter < 8
If counter = 1 Then
Coefcounter = 1
ElseIf counter = 2 Then
Coefcounter = 2 + Lag_reduction
ElseIf counter = 3 Then
Coefcounter = 3 + Lag_reduction
ElseIf counter = 4 Then
Coefcounter = 3
ElseIf counter = 5 Then
Coefcounter = 2 - Lag_reduction
ElseIf counter = 6 Then
Coefcounter = 1 - Lag_reduction
ElseIf counter = 7 Then
Coefcounter = 0 - Lag_reduction
End If
Counter1 = counter - 1
Numerator = Numerator + Coefcounter * Daten(i - Counter1)
counter = counter + 1
Loop
Ergebnis(i) = Numerator / Denominator
Next

Download Adjustable Lag VBS-Indikator

Center of Gravity Filter

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)


Dim Num, Denom, Counter

For i = StartI + Perioden - 1 To EndI

counter = 0
Num = 0
Denom = 0

Do While counter < Perioden

Num = Num + (1 + counter) * Daten(i - counter)
Denom = Denom + Daten(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1
Loop
If Denom <> 0 Then
Ergebnis(i) = -Num / Denom
Else
Ergebnis(i) = Daten(i)
End If
Next

Center of Gravity Oscillator

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)


Dim Num, Denom, Counter

For i = StartI + Perioden - 1 To EndI

counter = 0
Num = 0
Denom = 0

Do While counter < Perioden

Num = Num + (1 + counter) * Daten(i - counter)
Denom = Denom + Daten(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1
Loop
If Denom <> 0 Then
Ergebnis(i) = -Num / Denom + (Perioden + 1) / 2
Else
Ergebnis(i) = Daten(i)
End If
Next

Download Center of Gravity Oszillator

Cyber Cycle

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Alpha, Smooth, Cycle
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI)

For i = StartI + 3 To EndI


Alpha = 2 / (Perioden + 1)
Smooth(i) = (Daten(i) + 2 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 6
Cycle(i) = (1 - 0.5 * Alpha) * (1 - 0.5 * Alpha) * (Smooth(i) - 2 * Smooth(i - 1) + Smooth(i - 2)) + 2 * (1 - Alpha) * Cycle(i - 1) - (1 - Alpha) * (1 - Alpha) * Cycle(i - 2)

If i <= StartI + 7 Then
Cycle(i) = (Daten(i) - 2 * Daten(i - 1) + Daten(i - 2)) / 4
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Cycle(i)

Next

Download Cyber Cycle Indikator

Cyclic Component

StartI=ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Const Pi = 3.14159265


dim a,hp,Cyclic_Comp,Dummy,currentbar
ReDim hp(EndI),Cyclic_Comp(EndI)

For i = StartI + 3 To EndI

Dummy = (2 * Pi) / Perioden

A = (1 - Sin(dummy)) / Cos(dummy)
hp(i) = 0.5 * (1 + A) * (Daten(i) - Daten(i - 1)) + A * hp(i - 1)

Cyclic_Comp(i) = (hp(i) + (2 * (hp(i - 1)) + (2 * hp(i - 2)) + hp(i - 3))) / 6


currentbar = i - 1

If currentbar < 4 Then
Cyclic_Comp(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - 1)
End If
If currentbar = 1 Then
Cyclic_Comp(i) = 0
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Cyclic_Comp(i)

Next

Distance Coefficient Filter

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim counter,Counter1,LookBack,SumCoef,Num,Filt,count2,Coef, Distance2
ReDim Coef(EndI), Distance2(Endi)

For i = StartI + (2 * Perioden) To EndI

counter = 0
LookBack = 1
Num = 0
SumCoef = 0


Do While counter < Perioden - 1
Distance2(i - counter) = 0

For LookBack = 1 To Perioden
Counter1 = counter + LookBack
Distance2(i - counter) = Distance2(i - counter) + (Daten(i - counter) - Daten(i - Counter1)) * (Daten(i - counter) - Daten(i - Counter1))
LookBack = LookBack + 1
Next

Coef(i - counter) = Distance2(i - counter)

Num = Num + Coef(i - counter) * Daten(i - counter)
SumCoef = SumCoef + Coef(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1

Loop

If SumCoef <> 0 Then
Ergebnis(i) = Num / SumCoef
Else
Ergebnis(i) = 0
End If

Next

Download Distance Coefficient Filter

Ehlers-Filter

Starti=ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
Endi=LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim counter,Num,SumCoef

For i = StartI + Perioden - 1 To EndI

counter = 0
Num = 0
SumCoef = 0

Do While counter < Perioden

Num = Num + Daten(i - counter) * Indikator(i - counter)
SumCoef = SumCoef + Daten(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1
Loop
If SumCoef <> 0 Then
Ergebnis(i) = Num / SumCoef
Else
Ergebnis(i) = Indikator(i)
End If
Next

Download Ehlers Filter

FAMA

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim InPhase,Quadrature,value1,Imult,Qmult,Period,SmoothDetrender,Q1,I1,Ji,JQ,I2,Q2,Re,IM,Smoothperiod_
,Phase,DeltaPhase,Alpha,MAMA,FAMA
ReDim InPhase(EndI),Quadrature(EndI),value1(EndI),Period(EndI),Smooth(EndI),Detrender(EndI),Q1(Endi),I1(Endi)_
,Ji(Endi),JQ(Endi),I2(Endi),Q2(Endi),Re(Endi),IM(Endi),Smoothperiod(Endi),Phase(Endi)_
,DeltaPhase(Endi),Alpha(Endi),MAMA(Endi),FAMA(Endi)

Imult = 0.635
Qmult = 0.338

For i = StartI + 6 To EndI

Smooth(i) = (4 * Daten(i) + 3 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 10
Detrender(i) = (0.0962 * Smooth(i) + 0.5769 * Smooth(i - 2) - 0.5769 * Smooth(i - 4) - 0.0962 * Smooth(i - 6)) * (0.075 * Period(i - 1) + 0.54)

''{Compute InPhase and Quadrature components}
Q1(i) = (0.0962 * Detrender(i) + 0.5769 * Detrender(i - 2) - 0.5769 * Detrender(i - 4) - 0.0962 * Detrender(i - 6)) * (0.075 * Period(i - 1) + 0.54)
I1(i) = Detrender(i - 3)


''{Advance the phase of I1 and Q1 by 90 degrees}
Ji(i) = (0.0962 * I1(i) + 0.5769 * I1(i - 2) - 0.5769 * I1(i - 4) - 0.0962 * I1(i - 6)) * (0.075 * Period(i - 1) + 0.54)
JQ(i) = (0.0962 * Q1(i) + 0.5769 * Q1(i - 2) - 0.5769 * Q1(i - 4) - 0.0962 * Q1(i - 6)) * (0.075 * Period(i - 1) + 0.54)

''{Phasor addition for 3 bar averaging)}
I2(i) = I1(i) - JQ(i)
Q2(i) = Q1(i) + Ji(i)

''{Smooth the I and Q components before applying the discriminator}
I2(i) = 0.2 * I2(i) + 0.8 * I2(i - 1)
Q2(i) = 0.2 * Q2(i) + 0.8 * Q2(i - 1)

''{Homodyne Discriminator}
Re(i) = I2(i) * I2(i - 1) + Q2(i) * Q2(i - 1)
IM(i) = I2(i) * Q2(i - 1) - Q2(i) * I2(i - 1)
Re(i) = 0.2 * Re(i) + 0.8 * Re(i - 1)
IM(i) = 0.2 * IM(i) + 0.8 * IM(i - 1)
If IM(i) <> 0 And Re(i) <> 0 Then
Period(i) = 360 / Atn(IM(i) / Re(i))
End If

If Period(i) > 1.5 * Period(i - 1) Then
Period(i) = 1.5 * Period(i - 1)
End If

If Period(i) < 0.67 * Period(i - 1) Then
Period(i) = 0.67 * Period(i - 1)
End If

If Period(i) < 6 Then
Period(i) = 6
End If

If Period(i) > 50 Then
Period(i) = 50
End If

Period(i) = 0.2 * Period(i) + 0.8 * Period(i - 1)
Smoothperiod(i) = 0.33 * Period(i) + 0.67 * Smoothperiod(i - 1)

If I1(i) <> 0 Then
Phase(i) = (Atn(Q1(i) / I1(i)))
DeltaPhase(i) = Phase(i - 1) - Phase(i)
End If

If DeltaPhase(i) < 1 Then
DeltaPhase(i) = 1
End If

Alpha(i) = Fastlimit / DeltaPhase(i)
If Alpha(i) < Slowlimit Then
Alpha(i) = Slowlimit
End If

If i = StartI + 6 Then
MAMA(i) = Daten(i)
FAMA(i) = Daten(i)
Else
MAMA(i) = Alpha(i) * Daten(i) + (1 - Alpha(i)) * MAMA(i - 1)

FAMA(i) = 0.5 * Alpha(i) * MAMA(i) + (1 - 0.5 * Alpha(i)) * FAMA(i - 1)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = FAMA(i)
Next

Download FAMA

Fisher Cyber Cycle

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Alpha,Smooth,Cycle,counter,Maxval,Counter1,MinVal,value1,value2,value3
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI),value1(EndI),value2(EndI),value3(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI


Alpha = 2 / (Perioden + 1)
Smooth(i) = (Daten(i) + 2 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 6
Cycle(i) = (1 - 0.5 * Alpha) * (1 - 0.5 * Alpha) * (Smooth(i) - 2 * Smooth(i - 1) + Smooth(i - 2)) + 2 * (1 - Alpha) * Cycle(i - 1) - (1 - Alpha) * (1 - Alpha) * Cycle(i - 2)

If i <= StartI + 7 Then
Cycle(i) = (Daten(i) - 2 * Daten(i - 1) + Daten(i - 2)) / 4
End If

counter = 0
Maxval = -999
Do While counter < StocLength
If Maxval < Cycle(i - counter) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - counter)
End If
counter = counter + 1
Loop

Counter1 = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter1 < StocLength
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter1) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter1)
End If
Counter1 = Counter1 + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
value2(i) = (4 * value1(i) + 3 * value1(i - 1) + 2 * value1(i - 2) + value1(i - 3)) / 10
value3(i) = 0.5 * Log((1 + 1.98 * (value2(i) - 0.5)) / (1 - 1.98 * (value2(i) - 0.5)))
End If

Ergebnis(i) = value3(i)



Next

Download Fisher Cyber Cycle

Fisher Center of Gravity

' VBS-Code

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Cycle,counter_max,Maxval,Counter_min,MinVal,value1,value2,value3,counter,num,denom
ReDim Cycle(EndI),value1(EndI),value2(EndI),value3(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

counter = 0
Num = 0
Denom = 0

Do While counter < Perioden

Num = Num + (1 + counter) * Daten(i - counter)
Denom = Denom + Daten(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
Cycle(i) = -Num / Denom + (Perioden + 1) / 2
Else
Cycle(i) = Daten(i)
End If


Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < Cycle(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
value2(i) = (4 * value1(i) + 3 * value1(i - 1) + 2 * value1(i - 2) + value1(i - 3)) / 10
value3(i) = 0.5 * Log((1 + 1.98 * (value2(i) - 0.5)) / (1 - 1.98 * (value2(i) - 0.5)))
End If

Ergebnis(i) = value3(i)


Next

Download Fisher Center of Gravity

Fisher Relative Vigor Index

dim i,closedaten, highdaten,lowdaten,opendaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten
getdaten "Open",opendaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim value1,value2,Num,Denom,counter,RVI,Counter_max,Counter_min,Maxval,MinVal,value3,Value4,Value5
ReDim value1(EndI),value2(EndI),RVI(EndI),value3(EndI),Value4(EndI),Value5(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

value1(i) = ((CloseDaten(i) - openDaten(i)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 1) - openDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 2) - openDaten(i - 2)) + (CloseDaten(i - 3) - openDaten(i - 3))) / 6
value2(i) = ((HighDaten(i) - LowDaten(i)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 1) - LowDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 2) - LowDaten(i - 2)) + (HighDaten(i - 3) - LowDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Num = 0
Denom = 0
counter = 0

Do While counter < Perioden
Num = Num + value1(i - counter)
Denom = Denom + value2(i - counter)
counter = counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
RVI(i) = Num / Denom
Else
RVI(i) = CloseDaten(i)
End If



Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < RVI(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = RVI(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > RVI(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = RVI(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
value3(i) = (RVI(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value4(i) = (4 * value3(i) + 3 * value3(i - 1) + 2 * value3(i - 2) + value3(i - 3)) / 10
Value5(i) = 0.5 * Log((1 + 1.98 * (Value4(i) - 0.5)) / (1 - 1.98 * (Value4(i) - 0.5)))
End If



Ergebnis(i) = Value5(i)

Next

Download Fisher Relative Vigor Index

FIR-Filter

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim LO,L1,L2,L3,Filt,Fir
ReDim L0(EndI),L1(EndI),L2(EndI),L3(EndI),Filt(EndI),Fir(EndI)

For i = StartI + 6 To EndI


L0(i) = Alpha * Daten(i) + (1 - Alpha) * L0(i - 1)
L1(i) = -(1 - Alpha) * L0(i) + L0(i - 1) + (1 - Alpha) * L1(i - 1)
L2(i) = -(1 - Alpha) * L1(i) + L1(i - 1) + (1 - Alpha) * L2(i - 1)
L3(i) = -(1 - Alpha) * L2(i) + L2(i - 1) + (1 - Alpha) * L3(i - 1)

Filt(i) = (L0(i) + 2 * L1(i) + 2 * L2(i) + L3(i)) / 6
Fir(i) = (Filt(i) + 2 * Filt(i - 1) + 2 * Filt(i - 2) + Filt(i - 3)) / 6

If i <= StartI + 50 Then
Ergebnis(i) = NoValue
Else
Ergebnis(i) = Fir(i)

End If
Next

Download FIR-Filter

FRAMA

dim i,highdaten,lowdaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim count,N1,N2,N3,HH,LL,Dimen,Alpha,Filt,Highest,Lowest,counter_Highest,counter_lowest
ReDim Filt(EndI)


For i = StartI + Perioden To EndI

counter_Highest = 0
Highest = -999999999

Do While counter_Highest < Perioden
If Highest < HighDaten(i - counter_Highest) Then
Highest = HighDaten(i - counter_Highest)
End If
counter_Highest = counter_Highest + 1
Loop

counter_lowest = 0
Lowest = 99999999

Do While counter_lowest < Perioden
If Lowest > LowDaten(i - counter_lowest) Then
Lowest = LowDaten(i - counter_lowest)
End If
counter_lowest = counter_lowest + 1
Loop

if n=0 then
n=0.0000001
end if

N3 = (Highest - Lowest) / Perioden

HH = HighDaten(i)
LL = LowDaten(i)
count = 0

For count = 0 To Perioden / 2 - 1
If HighDaten(i - count) > HH Then
HH = HighDaten(i - count)
End If
If LowDaten(i - count) < LL Then
LL = LowDaten(i - count)
End If
count = count + 1
Next

N1 = (HH - LL) / (Perioden / 2)

HH = HighDaten(i - Perioden / 2)
LL = LowDaten(i - Perioden / 2)

For count = Perioden / 2 To Perioden - 1
If HighDaten(i - count) > HH Then
HH = HighDaten(i - count)
End If
If LowDaten(i - count) < LL Then
LL = LowDaten(i - count)
End If
count = count + 1
Next

N2 = (HH - LL) / (Perioden / 2)

If N1 > 0 And N2 > 0 And N3 > 0 Then
Dimen = (Log(N1 + N2) - Log(N3)) / Log(2)
End If

Alpha = Exp(-4.6 * (Dimen - 1))

If Alpha < 0.01 Then
Alpha = 0.01
End If
If Alpha > 1 Then
Alpha = 1
End If

Filt(i) = Alpha * Daten(i) + (1 - Alpha) * Filt(i - 1)

If i <= StartI + Perioden Then
Filt(i) = Daten(i)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Filt(i)


Next

Download FRAMA

Hilbert Transformation Inphase

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim InPhase,Quadrature,value1,Imult,Qmult
ReDim InPhase(EndI),Quadrature(EndI),value1(EndI)

Imult = 0.635
Qmult = 0.338

For i = StartI + 7 To EndI



value1(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - 7)
InPhase(i) = 1.25 * (value1(i - 4) - Imult * value1(i - 2)) + Imult * InPhase(i - 3)
Quadrature(i) = value1(i - 2) - Qmult * value1(i) + Qmult * Quadrature(i - 2)

Ergebnis(i) = InPhase(i)
Next

Download Hilbert Inphase

Hilbert Transformation Quadrature

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim InPhase,Quadrature,value1,Imult,Qmult
ReDim InPhase(EndI),Quadrature(EndI),value1(EndI)

Imult = 0.635
Qmult = 0.338


For i = StartI +7 To EndI

value1(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - 7)
InPhase(i) = 1.25 * (value1(i - 4) - Imult * value1(i - 2)) + Imult * InPhase(i - 3)
Quadrature(i) = value1(i - 2) - Qmult * value1(i) + Qmult * Quadrature(i - 2)

Ergebnis(i) = Quadrature(i)
Next

Download Hilbert Quadrature

Instantaneous Trendline

' VBS-Code

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Counter0001,Sum0001,SMA,A,sl,ssl,Inst_Trend
ReDim SMA(EndI),sl(EndI),ssl(EndI),Inst_Trend(EndI)

Function MAX(val1, val2)
If val1 > val2 Then
MAX = val1
Else
MAX = val2
End If
End Function

For i = StartI + MAX(Perioden, 3) To EndI

Counter0001 = 0
Sum0001 = 0
Do While Counter0001 < Perioden
Sum0001 = Sum0001 + Daten(i - Counter0001)
Counter0001 = Counter0001 + 1
Loop
SMA(i) = Sum0001 / Perioden


A = Perioden - 1
sl(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - A)
ssl(i) = (sl(i) + 2 * sl(i - 1) + 2 * sl(i - 2) + sl(i - 3)) / 6



If i = StartI + Perioden Then
Inst_Trend(i) = Daten(i)
Else
Inst_Trend(i) = SMA(i) + 0.5 * ssl(i)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Inst_Trend(i)


Next


Download Instantaneous Trendline

Laguerre-Filter

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim Lo,L1,L2,L3,Filt,Fir
ReDim L0(EndI),L1(EndI),L2(EndI),L3(EndI),Filt(EndI),Fir(EndI)


For i = StartI + 6 To EndI


L0(i) = alpha * Daten(i) + (1 - alpha) * L0(i - 1)
L1(i) = -(1 - alpha) * L0(i) + L0(i - 1) + (1 - alpha) * L1(i - 1)
L2(i) = -(1 - alpha) * L1(i) + L1(i - 1) + (1 - alpha) * L2(i - 1)
L3(i) = -(1 - alpha) * L2(i) + L2(i - 1) + (1 - alpha) * L3(i - 1)

Filt(i) = (L0(i) + 2 * L1(i) + 2 * L2(i) + L3(i)) / 6
Fir(i) = (Daten(i) + 2 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 6

If i <= StartI + 50 Then
Ergebnis(i) = NoValue
Else
Ergebnis(i) = Filt(i)

End If
Next

Download Laguerre Filter

Laguerre-RSI

dim i,closedaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim Lo,L1,L2,L3,CU,CD,Laguerre
ReDim L0(EndI),L1(EndI),L2(EndI),L3(EndI),Laguerre(EndI)



For i = StartI + 1 To EndI

L0(i) = (1 - Gamma) * CloseDaten(i) + Gamma * L0(i - 1)
L1(i) = -Gamma * L0(i) + L0(i - 1) + Gamma * L1(i - 1)
L2(i) = -Gamma * L1(i) + L1(i - 1) + Gamma * L2(i - 1)
L3(i) = -Gamma * L2(i) + L2(i - 1) + Gamma * L3(i - 1)

CU = 0
CD = 0

If L0(i) >= L1(i) Then
CU = L0(i) - L1(i)
Else
CD = L1(i) - L0(i)
End If

If L1(i) >= L2(i) Then
CU = CU + L1(i) - L2(i)
Else
CD = CD + L2(i) - L1(i)
End If

If L2(i) >= L3(i) Then
CU = CU + L2(i) - L3(i)
Else
CD = CD + L3(i) - L2(i)
End If

If CU + CD <> 0 Then
Laguerre(i) = CU / (CU + CD)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Laguerre(i)



Next

Download Laguerre RSI

Meander Indikatoren (Thomas Stridsman)

dim i
dim setarr
dim myhigh
dim mylow
dim myclose
dim myopen
getdaten "High",myhigh
getdaten "Low",mylow
getdaten "close",myclose
getdaten "open",myopen

dim vsstd(1),SumVS,AvgVS,DiffVs,StdVS,DiffArr,VSLow,VSMid,VSHigh, sumarr
dim vs(20)
dim FName,TradeStr1

For i = 8 To letztedatenperiode(myclose)

for setarr=0 to 4

vs(setarr*4+0)=(myopen(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+1)=(myhigh(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+2)=(mylow(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+3)=(myclose(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
next

For SumArr=0 to 19
if sumArr=0 then
SumVs=0
end if
SumVS=SumVS+VS(SumArr)

if SumArr=19 then
AvgVS=SumVs/20
end if

For DiffArr =0 to 19
if Diffarr=0 then
Diffvs=0
end if

Diffvs= diffvs + (vs(diffarr)-avgvs)*(vs(diffarr)-avgvs)

if diffarr = 19 then
stdvs= sqr(DiffVS/20)
end if
next
next

vshigh=(1+(avgvs+stdvs*1 ))


ergebnis(i)= vshigh*myclose(i)



next

2. Indikator - Meander VS_Mid


dim i
dim setarr
dim myhigh
dim mylow
dim myclose
dim myopen
getdaten "High",myhigh
getdaten "Low",mylow
getdaten "close",myclose
getdaten "open",myopen

dim vsstd(1),SumVS,AvgVS,DiffVs,StdVS,DiffArr,VSLow,VSMid,VSHigh(0), sumarr
dim vs(20)
dim FName,TradeStr1

For i = 8 To letztedatenperiode(myclose)

for setarr=0 to 4

vs(setarr*4+0)=(myopen(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+1)=(myhigh(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+2)=(mylow(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+3)=(myclose(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
next

For SumArr=0 to 19
if sumArr=0 then
SumVs=0
end if
SumVS=SumVS+VS(SumArr)

if SumArr=19 then
AvgVS=SumVs/20
end if

For DiffArr =0 to 19
if Diffarr=0 then
Diffvs=0
end if

Diffvs= diffvs + (vs(diffarr)-avgvs)*(vs(diffarr)-avgvs)

if diffarr = 19 then
stdvs= sqr(DiffVS/20)
end if
next
next

vsmid=(1+AvgVS)


ergebnis(i)= vsmid*myclose(i)



next

3. Indikator - Meander VS_Low

dim i
dim setarr
dim myhigh
dim mylow
dim myclose
dim myopen
getdaten "High",myhigh
getdaten "Low",mylow
getdaten "close",myclose
getdaten "open",myopen

dim vsstd(1),SumVS,AvgVS,DiffVs,StdVS,DiffArr,VSLow,VSMid(0),VSHigh(0), sumarr
dim vs(20)
dim FName,TradeStr1

For i = 8 To letztedatenperiode(myclose)

for setarr=0 to 4

vs(setarr*4+0)=(myopen(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+1)=(myhigh(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+2)=(mylow(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
vs(setarr*4+3)=(myclose(i-setarr)-myclose(i-setarr-1))/myclose(i-setarr-1)
next

For SumArr=0 to 19
if sumArr=0 then
SumVs=0
end if
SumVS=SumVS+VS(SumArr)

if SumArr=19 then
AvgVS=SumVs/20
end if

For DiffArr =0 to 19
if Diffarr=0 then
Diffvs=0
end if

Diffvs= diffvs + (vs(diffarr)-avgvs)*(vs(diffarr)-avgvs)

if diffarr = 19 then
stdvs= sqr(DiffVS/20)
end if
next
next

vslow=(1+(avgvs-stdvs*1 ))


ergebnis(i)= vslow*myclose(i)



next

Download Meander Indikatoren

Modeling the Market

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim A,hp,Cyclic_Comp,Dummy,Counter,Sum,SMA,B,sl,ssl,shp,Model_Market,ITrend,currentbar
ReDim hp(EndI),Cyclic_Comp(EndI),SMA(EndI),ssl(EndI),shp(EndI),sl(EndI),Model_Market(EndI),ITrend(EndI)


Function MAX(val1, val2)
If val1 > val2 Then
MAX = val1
Else
MAX = val2
End If
End Function

Const Pi = 3.14159265

For i = StartI + MAX(Perioden, 3) To EndI

Counter = 0
Sum = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden
Sum = Sum + Daten(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop
SMA(i) = Sum / Perioden

B = Perioden - 1

sl(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - B)
ssl(i) = (sl(i) + 2 * sl(i - 1) + 2 * sl(i - 2) + sl(i - 3)) / 6

ITrend(i) = SMA(i) + 0.5 * ssl(i)

Dummy = (2 * Pi) / Perioden

A = (1 - Sin(Dummy)) / Cos(Dummy)
hp(i) = 0.5 * (1 + A) * (Daten(i) - Daten(i - 1)) + A * hp(i - 1)

Cyclic_Comp(i) = (hp(i) + (2 * (hp(i - 1)) + (2 * hp(i - 2)) + hp(i - 3))) / 6


currentbar = i - 1

If currentbar < 4 Then
Cyclic_Comp(i) = Daten(i) - Daten(i - 1)
End If
If currentbar = 1 Then
Cyclic_Comp(i) = 0
End If

Model_Market(i) = ITrend(i) + Cyclic_Comp(i)



Ergebnis(i) = Model_Market(i)


Next

Download Modeling the Market

OMA

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)


Dim Counter0001,Sum0001,SMA,Counter0002,Sum0002,Counter0003,Sum0003,Avg0002,A0_
,Devation0003,Stdabw,Oma ,Min0, Konsta
ReDim Avg0002(EndI),Devation0003(EndI),Stdabw(EndI),SMA(Endi)

For i = StartI + Perioden To EndI


'' ******SMA

Counter0001 = 0
Sum0001 = 0
Do While Counter0001 < Perioden
Sum0001 = Sum0001 + Daten(i - Counter0001)
Counter0001 = Counter0001 + 1
Loop
SMA(i) = Sum0001 / Perioden

''****Standardabweichung
Counter0002 = 0
Sum0002 = 0
Counter0003 = 0
Sum0003 = 0
Do While Counter0002 < Perioden
Sum0002 = Sum0002 + Daten(i - Counter0002)
Counter0002 = Counter0002 + 1
Loop
Avg0002(i) = Sum0002 / Perioden

Do While Counter0003 < Perioden
A0 = Daten(i - Counter0003) - Avg0002(i)
Sum0003 = Sum0003 + (A0 * A0)
Counter0003 = Counter0003 + 1
Loop
Devation0003(i) = Sqr(Sum0003 / Perioden)

If Devation0003(i) = 0 Then
Stdabw(i) = 0.00001
Else
Stdabw(i) = Devation0003(i) * Devation0003(i)
End If

Konsta = Stdabw(i) / (((Oma - SMA(i)) + 0.0001) * ((Oma - SMA(i)) + 0.0001))

If 1 < Konsta Then
Min0 = 1
Else
Min0 = Konsta
End If

If i <= Perioden Then
Oma = SMA(i)
Else
Oma = SMA(i) + Min0 * (Oma - SMA(i))

End If

'' ******ENDERGEBNIS
Ergebnis(i) = Oma

Next

Download OMA

Relative Vigor Index

' VBS-Code

dim i,closedaten, highdaten,lowdaten,opendaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten
getdaten "Open",opendaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim Value1,Value2,Num,Denom,Counter
ReDim Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden To EndI

Value1(i) = ((CloseDaten(i) - openDaten(i)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 1) - openDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 2) - openDaten(i - 2)) + (CloseDaten(i - 3) - openDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Value2(i) = ((HighDaten(i) - LowDaten(i)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 1) - LowDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 2) - LowDaten(i - 2)) + (HighDaten(i - 3) - LowDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Num = 0
Denom = 0
Counter = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden
Num = Num + Value1(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Value2(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
Ergebnis(i) = Num / Denom
Else
Ergebnis(i) = CloseDaten(i)
End If
Next

Download Relative Vigor Index

Relative Vigor Index Trigger

' VBS-Code

dim i,closedaten, highdaten,lowdaten,opendaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten
getdaten "Open",opendaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim Value1,Value2,Num,Denom,Counter,RVI,RVITrigger
ReDim Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI),RVI(EndI),RVITrigger(EndI)


For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

Value1(i) = ((CloseDaten(i) - openDaten(i)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 1) - openDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 2) - openDaten(i - 2)) + (CloseDaten(i - 3) - openDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Value2(i) = ((HighDaten(i) - LowDaten(i)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 1) - LowDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 2) - LowDaten(i - 2)) + (HighDaten(i - 3) - LowDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Num = 0
Denom = 0
Counter = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden
Num = Num + Value1(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Value2(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
RVI(i) = Num / Denom
Else
RVI(i) = CloseDaten(i)
End If
RVITrigger(i) = (RVI(i) + 2 * RVI(i - 1) + 2 * RVI(i - 2) + RVI(i - 3)) / 6

Ergebnis(i) = RVITrigger(i)

Next

Download Relative Vigor Index Trigger

Stochastic Cyber Cycle

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim alpha,Smooth,Cycle,Counter,Maxval,Counter1,MinVal,Value1,Value2
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI), Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI


alpha = 2 / (Perioden + 1)
Smooth(i) = (Daten(i) + 2 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 6
Cycle(i) = (1 - 0.5 * alpha) * (1 - 0.5 * alpha) * (Smooth(i) - 2 * Smooth(i - 1) + Smooth(i - 2)) + 2 * (1 - alpha) * Cycle(i - 1) - (1 - alpha) * (1 - alpha) * Cycle(i - 2)

If i <= StartI + 7 Then
Cycle(i) = (Daten(i) - 2 * Daten(i - 1) + Daten(i - 2)) / 4
End If

Counter = 0
Maxval = -999
Do While Counter < Stoch_Perioden
If Maxval < Cycle(i - Counter) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - Counter)
End If
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

Counter1 = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter1 < Stoch_Perioden
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter1) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter1)
End If
Counter1 = Counter1 + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
Value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value2(i) = (4 * Value1(i) + 3 * Value1(i - 1) + 2 * Value1(i - 2) + Value1(i - 3)) / 10
Value2(i) = 2 * (Value2(i) - 0.5)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Value2(i)

next

Download Stochastic Cyber Cycle

Stochastic Cyber Cycle Trigger

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim alpha,Smooth,Cycle,Counter,Maxval,Counter1,MinVal,Value1,Value2,Signal
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI), Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI),Signal(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI


alpha = 2 / (Perioden + 1)
Smooth(i) = (Daten(i) + 2 * Daten(i - 1) + 2 * Daten(i - 2) + Daten(i - 3)) / 6
Cycle(i) = (1 - 0.5 * alpha) * (1 - 0.5 * alpha) * (Smooth(i) - 2 * Smooth(i - 1) + Smooth(i - 2)) + 2 * (1 - alpha) * Cycle(i - 1) - (1 - alpha) * (1 - alpha) * Cycle(i - 2)

If i <= StartI + 7 Then
Cycle(i) = (Daten(i) - 2 * Daten(i - 1) + Daten(i - 2)) / 4
End If

Counter = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter < Stoch_Perioden
If Maxval < Cycle(i - Counter) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - Counter)
End If
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

Counter1 = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter1 < Stoch_Perioden
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter1) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter1)
End If
Counter1 = Counter1 + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
Value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value2(i) = (4 * Value1(i) + 3 * Value1(i - 1) + 2 * Value1(i - 2) + Value1(i - 3)) / 10
Value2(i) = 2 * (Value2(i) - 0.5)
Signal(i) = 0.96 * (Value2(i - 1) + 0.02)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Signal(i)


next

Download Stochastic CC Trigger

Stochastic Center Center of Gravity

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim alpha,Smooth,Cycle,Counter_max,Maxval,Counter_min,MinVal,Value1,Value2,Counter,Num,Denom
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI),Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

Counter = 0
Num = 0
Denom = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden

Num = Num + (1 + Counter) * Daten(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Daten(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
Cycle(i) = -Num / Denom + (Perioden + 1) / 2
Else
Cycle(i) = Daten(i)
End If

Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < Cycle(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
Value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value2(i) = (4 * Value1(i) + 3 * Value1(i - 1) + 2 * Value1(i - 2) + Value1(i - 3)) / 10
Value2(i) = 2 * (Value2(i) - 0.5)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Value2(i)



Next

Download Stochastic Center of Gravity

Stochastic Center of Gravity Trigger

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)

Dim alpha,Smooth,Cycle,Counter_max,Maxval,Counter_min,MinVal,Value1,Value2,Counter,Num,Denom,Signal
ReDim Smooth(EndI),Cycle(EndI),Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI), Signal(EndI)

For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

Counter = 0
Num = 0
Denom = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden

Num = Num + (1 + Counter) * Daten(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Daten(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
Cycle(i) = -Num / Denom + (Perioden + 1) / 2
Else
Cycle(i) = Daten(i)
End If

Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < Cycle(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = Cycle(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > Cycle(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = Cycle(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
Value1(i) = (Cycle(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value2(i) = (4 * Value1(i) + 3 * Value1(i - 1) + 2 * Value1(i - 2) + Value1(i - 3)) / 10
Value2(i) = 2 * (Value2(i) - 0.5)
Signal(i) = 0.96 * (Value2(i - 1) + 0.02)
End If

Ergebnis(i) = Signal(i)



Next

Download Stochastic CG Trigger

Stochastic Relative Vigor Index

dim i,closedaten, highdaten,lowdaten,opendaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten
getdaten "Open",opendaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim Value1,Value2,Num,Denom,Counter,RVI,Counter_max,Maxval,Counter_min,MinVal,value3,Value4
ReDim Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI),RVI(EndI),value3(EndI),Value4(EndI)



For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

Value1(i) = ((CloseDaten(i) - openDaten(i)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 1) - openDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 2) - openDaten(i - 2)) + (CloseDaten(i - 3) - openDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Value2(i) = ((HighDaten(i) - LowDaten(i)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 1) - LowDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 2) - LowDaten(i - 2)) + (HighDaten(i - 3) - LowDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Num = 0
Denom = 0
Counter = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden
Num = Num + Value1(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Value2(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
RVI(i) = Num / Denom
Else
RVI(i) = CloseDaten(i)
End If



Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < RVI(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = RVI(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > RVI(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = RVI(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
value3(i) = (RVI(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value4(i) = (4 * value3(i) + 3 * value3(i - 1) + 2 * value3(i - 2) + value3(i - 3)) / 10
Value4(i) = 2 * (Value4(i) - 0.5)
End If



Ergebnis(i) = Value4(i)

Next


Download Stochastic RVI

Stochastic Relative Vigor Index Trigger

dim i,closedaten, highdaten,lowdaten,opendaten
getdaten "Close",closedaten
getdaten "High",highdaten
getdaten "Low",lowdaten
getdaten "Open",opendaten

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(closeDaten)

Dim Value1,Value2,Num,Denom,Counter,RVI,Counter_max,Maxval,Counter_min,MinVal,value3,Value4,Signal
ReDim Value1(EndI),Value2(EndI),RVI(EndI),value3(EndI),Value4(EndI),Signal(EndI)



For i = StartI + Perioden + 1 To EndI

Value1(i) = ((CloseDaten(i) - openDaten(i)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 1) - openDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (CloseDaten(i - 2) - openDaten(i - 2)) + (CloseDaten(i - 3) - openDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Value2(i) = ((HighDaten(i) - LowDaten(i)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 1) - LowDaten(i - 1)) + 2 * (HighDaten(i - 2) - LowDaten(i - 2)) + (HighDaten(i - 3) - LowDaten(i - 3))) / 6
Num = 0
Denom = 0
Counter = 0

Do While Counter < Perioden
Num = Num + Value1(i - Counter)
Denom = Denom + Value2(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop

If Denom <> 0 Then
RVI(i) = Num / Denom
Else
RVI(i) = CloseDaten(i)
End If



Counter_max = 0
Maxval = -999

Do While Counter_max < Perioden
If Maxval < RVI(i - Counter_max) Then
Maxval = RVI(i - Counter_max)
End If
Counter_max = Counter_max + 1
Loop

Counter_min = 0
MinVal = 999

Do While Counter_min < Perioden
If MinVal > RVI(i - Counter_min) Then
MinVal = RVI(i - Counter_min)
End If
Counter_min = Counter_min + 1
Loop


If Maxval <> MinVal Then
value3(i) = (RVI(i) - MinVal) / (Maxval - MinVal)
Value4(i) = (4 * value3(i) + 3 * value3(i - 1) + 2 * value3(i - 2) + value3(i - 3)) / 10
Value4(i) = 2 * (Value4(i) - 0.5)
Signal(i) = 0.96 * (Value4(i - 1) + 0.02)
End If



Ergebnis(i) = signal(i)

Next

Download Stochastic RVI-Trigger

Wilders Smoothing

StartI = ErsteDatenPeriode(Daten)
EndI = LetzteDatenPeriode(Daten)


Dim Counter,Sum,GD,wilders
ReDim GD(EndI)


For i = StartI + Perioden To EndI


Counter = 0
Sum = 0
Do While Counter < Perioden
Sum = Sum + Daten(i - Counter)
Counter = Counter + 1
Loop
GD(i) = Sum / Perioden

If i <= StartI + 2 * Perioden Then
wilders = GD(i)
Else
wilders = (Daten(i) / Perioden + (1 - 1 / Perioden) * wilders)
End If

'' ******ENDERGEBNIS
Ergebnis(i) = wilders

next


Download Wilders Smoothing